In setting up PCR, what is the optimal primer concentration range to minimize nonspecific products?

The optimal primer concentration range to minimize nonspecific products in PCR is typically between 0.1 to 1 μM. This concentration allows for sufficient binding of the primer to the template DNA without overwhelming the reaction, which can lead to nonspecific amplification. At lower concentrations, there might not be enough primer to ensure specific binding, while higher concentrations can increase the likelihood of primers binding to sites other than the intended target, resulting in unwanted products. The balance provided by the 0.1 to 1 μM range is crucial for achieving specific amplification of the desired DNA target during PCR. This helps maintain the fidelity and specificity of the amplification process. Note that while concentrations above this range may work in some instances, they are more prone to increase the likelihood of non-specific binding events leading to amplification of undesired products.