What is the role of DNA Polymerase γ in eukaryotes?

DNA Polymerase γ plays a crucial role in the replication of mitochondrial DNA in eukaryotic cells. This enzyme is specifically responsible for synthesizing the mitochondrial genome, which is distinct from nuclear DNA and is essential for the proper functioning of mitochondria. Since mitochondria have their own unique DNA, DNA Polymerase γ is tailored to meet their specific needs, facilitating both the replication of mitochondrial DNA and, to some extent, its repair.

The focus on mitochondrial DNA highlights the importance of DNA Polymerase γ in supporting cellular energy production and metabolism, as mitochondria are the powerhouse of the cell. This specialization distinguishes it from other DNA polymerases in the cell that are involved in nuclear DNA processes such as repair, replication initiation, and leading strand synthesis, which are carried out by different polymerases with their own specialized functions.