Which cancers are primarily associated with the Philadelphia chromosome (t(9;22))?

The Philadelphia chromosome is a specific genetic abnormality that arises from a translocation between chromosome 9 and chromosome 22, leading to the formation of the BCR-ABL fusion gene. This fusion gene produces a tyrosine kinase that drives the proliferation of certain blood cells, which is a significant factor in the pathogenesis of certain malignancies.

The major cancers primarily associated with the Philadelphia chromosome include Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML) and certain types of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL), including both adult and pediatric forms. CML almost universally presents with the Philadelphia chromosome, making it a hallmark of the disease. Similarly, the presence of the Philadelphia chromosome is also commonly observed in adult patients with ALL, and it can occur in pediatric cases as well, often leading to a more aggressive form of the disease.

Thus, selecting this option accurately reflects the diseases linked with the Philadelphia chromosome. Overall, the presence of this chromosomal abnormality highlights the critical role of genetic mutations in cancer development and underscores the importance of targeted therapies in managing these conditions.